According to a new study, published in the Journal JAMA Network Open, any level of drinking or smoking during pregnancy could affect brain development in the newborn. Researchers shared that prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading cause for preventable intellectual disability and smoking during pregnancy could lead to post-birth disease and could even be fatal for the child. For the purpose of the study, the research defines low level of alcohol as two standard drinks during the first trimester. Over 1,700 newborns and their mothers were examined. Their research did not determine a safe level of alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy.