Understand the multifaceted role of the pope: spiritual leader of 1.4 billion Catholics, sovereign of Vatican City, and a global moral authority influencing Church and world affairs.

What exactly does a pope do?

The word pope comes from the Greek "pappas", which means "father, patriarch," which is why believers call him the Holy Father.

The pope is the spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City, with roles including doctrinal leadership, global diplomacy, and moral influence.

With the death of Pope Francis, the world's cardinals will now head to Rome to elect a successor. So what exactly does a pope do?
Here is a rundown of the main responsibilities of the pontiff, the head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
Catholic leader
The word pope comes from the Greek "pappas", which means "father, patriarch," which is why believers call him the Holy Father.
He is considered the successor of St Peter, to whom Jesus Christ is said to have entrusted the mission of leading the Church.
Today, this makes the pope the spiritual guide of the estimated 1.4 billion Catholics worldwide.
His role is to preserve, interpret and teach the Christian faith, as well as ensuring the unity of the Catholic Church.
Head of State 
The pope is head of state and also ruler of the Vatican City state, the smallest in the world at just 44 hectares, located within the Italian capital of Rome.
He exercises absolute power in all areas, from hiring and firing to decisions on the Vatican's extensive property portfolio, but he delegates many decisions to senior clergy.
The pope has his own diplomats but often meets world leaders at the Vatican, in what are known as private audiences.
Moral guide 
The pope has influence well beyond the world's Catholics, as a pre-eminent moral voice on the global stage.
Many non-Catholic leaders seek an audience at the Vatican, while his pronouncements often carry more weight than those of many elected politicians.
The Vatican has a non-member observer status at the United Nations and is often called in as a neutral party in conflict zones.
Doctrine and Teaching Through his homilies and written texts, Pope Francis provided guidance on everything from daily life -- for example, urging against gossip -- to weighty doctrinal issues.
He published several encyclicals, open letters written by the pope to the Church worldwide, covering subjects such as social friendship or climate change.
Other formal texts include apostolic exhortations, which are teaching documents, and the motu proprio, which means "by his own motion" and is a legal change delivered on the pope's initiative.
During his time as pope, Francis paved the way for the blessing of same-sex couples, restricted the use of the Latin Mass and took measures to combat sexual abuse of children by clergy, among other things.
Appointments The pope approves the appointment of bishops, the approximately 3,000 clergy who lead Catholic dioceses around the world, and also cardinals.
Cardinals, sometimes known as princes of the church, are the most senior clergy and those under the age of 80 can vote in the election of a new pope.
The pope also has the final say in elevating individuals to become "blessed" or a "saint", following an investigation conducted on the grounds of miracles and virtues.
He has the power to convene Synods -- worldwide gatherings that Francis opened to lay people for the first time -- to discuss specific issues.
Travel
The pope travels to connect with the faithful around the world. John Paul II conducted the most apostolic voyages, counting 104 visits abroad in 26 years as pope.
Francis followed with 47, using the visits to shine a spotlight on marginalised communities or issues he wanted to highlight, such as migration or inter-religious dialogue.
Bishop of Rome As Bishop of Rome, the pope is responsible for administering his diocese. The constraints on his time mean that this is in fact delegated to a Vicar General.
The pope, however, takes part in local events, regularly visiting churches in Rome for celebrations or other symbolic sites in the city.

World leaders, including Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, and Benjamin Netanyahu, strongly condemned the recent terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, offering condolences and reaffirming their support for India in the fight against terrorism.

Trump, Putin, Netanyahu, other global leaders condemn Pahalgam terror attack

World leaders, including Donald Trump, Vladimir Putin, and Benjamin Netanyahu, strongly condemned the recent terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, offering condolences and reaffirming their support for India in the fight against terrorism.

US President Donald Trump, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu were among world leaders who condemned the terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir that killed 26 people, expressing solidarity with India.
In a call with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Trump strongly condemned the terror attack and expressed full support to India to bring to justice the perpetrators of the "heinous attack".
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
President Donald Trump <a href="https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@realDonaldTrump</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/POTUS?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@POTUS</a> called PM <a href="https://twitter.com/narendramodi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@narendramodi</a> and conveyed his deepest condolences at the loss of innocent lives in the terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir. President Trump strongly condemned the terror attack and expressed full support to India to bring&hellip;
&mdash; Randhir Jaiswal (@MEAIndia) <a href="https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1914768541951385637?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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He "conveyed his deepest condolences at the loss of innocent lives in the terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir,&rdquo; Ministry of External Affairs Spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said in a post on X.
"India and the United States stand together in the fight against terror,&rdquo; said the post.
In an earlier post on Truth Social, Trump said, "Deeply disturbing news out of Kashmir. The United States stands strong with India against Terrorism."
<iframe class="truthsocial-embed" style="max-width: 100%; border: 0;" src="https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/114382687269815844/embed" width="600" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe>
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"We pray for the souls of those lost, and for the recovery of the injured. Prime Minister (Narendra) Modi, and the incredible people of India, have our full support and deepest sympathies. Our hearts are with you all!" he added.
In a communication to President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Modi, Putin extended condolences over the terrorist attack in Pahalgam and said the "brutal crime" has no justification whatsoever and its perpetrators will face a deserved punishment.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
✉️ President of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Russia?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Russia</a> Vladimir Putin extended condolences to President of <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/India?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#India</a> Droupadi Murmu <a href="https://twitter.com/rashtrapatibhvn?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@rashtrapatibhvn</a> and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi <a href="https://twitter.com/narendramodi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@narendramodi</a> over the tragic consequences of the terrorist attack in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Pahalgam?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Pahalgam</a>, Jammu and Kashmir. <a href="https://t.co/GXJV7y9VnY">pic.twitter.com/GXJV7y9VnY</a>
&mdash; Russia in India 🇷🇺 (@RusEmbIndia) <a href="https://twitter.com/RusEmbIndia/status/1914734822024470868?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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He expressed "sincere condolences over the tragic consequences of the terrorist attack in Pahalgam whose victims were civilians &mdash; citizens of various countries".
Putin reiterated Russia's commitment to further increasing cooperation with Indian partners in fighting terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
I would like to reiterate the readiness for further strengthening of cooperation with the Indian partners in the fight against all forms and manifestations of terrorism.
&mdash; Russia in India 🇷🇺 (@RusEmbIndia) <a href="https://twitter.com/RusEmbIndia/status/1914734836612297147?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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"Please convey words of sincere sympathy and support to the near and dear ones of the deceased as well as wishes for a speedy recovery of all injured," he added.
Terrorists opened fire on Tuesday at a famed meadow near Pahalgam town in Jammu and Kashmir, killing 26 people, mostly tourists, in what is the deadliest attack in the Valley since the Pulwama strike in 2019.
The attack was claimed by The Resistance Front (TRF), a proxy of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) terrorist group.
Prime Minister Modi, who had arrived in Saudi Arabia on a two-day visit earlier in the day, cut short his visit and departed for New Delhi on Tuesday night following the attack.
Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu took to X and said he was "deeply saddened by the barbaric terrorist attack" that killed and injured dozens of innocents.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
My dear friend <a href="https://twitter.com/narendramodi?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@narendramodi</a>, I am deeply saddened by the barbaric terrorist attack in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Pahalgam?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Pahalgam</a>, Jammu &amp; Kashmir, that killed and injured dozens of innocents. Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims &amp; their families. Israel stands with India in its fight against terrorism.
&mdash; Prime Minister of Israel (@IsraeliPM) <a href="https://twitter.com/IsraeliPM/status/1914784984784634104?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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"Our thoughts and prayers are with the victims &amp; their families. Israel stands with India in its fight against terrorism," he said.
Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni said she was "deeply saddened" by the terrorist attack in Pahalgam and expressed solidarity with the affected families, the injured, the government, and the entire Indian people.
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Profondamente addolorata per l&rsquo;attacco terroristico avvenuto oggi in India, che ha causato numerose vittime. L&rsquo;Italia esprime vicinanza alle famiglie colpite, ai feriti, al Governo e a tutto il popolo indiano.
&mdash; Giorgia Meloni (@GiorgiaMeloni) <a href="https://twitter.com/GiorgiaMeloni/status/1914729987644776574?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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The attack came during US Vice President J D Vance&rsquo;s maiden visit to India.
Vance posted his condolences to the victims of the devastating terrorist attack.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
Usha and I extend our condolences to the victims of the devastating terrorist attack in Pahalgam, India. Over the past few days, we have been overcome with the beauty of this country and its people. Our thoughts and prayers are with them as they mourn this horrific attack. <a href="https://t.co/cUAyMXje5A">https://t.co/cUAyMXje5A</a>
&mdash; JD Vance (@JDVance) <a href="https://twitter.com/JDVance/status/1914708743771861151?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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&ldquo;Usha and I extend our condolences to the victims of the devastating terrorist attack in Pahalgam, India. Over the past few days, we have been overcome with the beauty of this country and its people. Our thoughts and prayers are with them as they mourn this horrific attack,&rdquo; he posted on X.
In a post on X, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Sa'ar said his country was "deeply saddened" by the terror attack on tourists in Jammu and Kashmir.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
Deeply saddened by the heinous terror attack on tourists in <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Pahalgam?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Pahalgam</a>, Jammu &amp; Kashmir. Our thoughts are with the victims and their families. Israel stands united with India in the fight against terror. 🇮🇱🇮🇳
&mdash; Gideon Sa'ar | גדעון סער (@gidonsaar) <a href="https://twitter.com/gidonsaar/status/1914691840189550688?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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"Deeply saddened by the heinous terror attack on tourists in #Pahalgam, Jammu &amp; Kashmir. Our thoughts are with the victims and their families. Israel stands united with India in the fight against terror," he said.
In a post on X, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Kaja Kallas also condemned the attack.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
I condemn today&rsquo;s heinous terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which claimed many innocent lives. Our deep condolences go to the victims, their families and the people of India. The EU stands firm against terrorism.
&mdash; Kaja Kallas (@kajakallas) <a href="https://twitter.com/kajakallas/status/1914766949197771109?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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"I condemn today&rsquo;s heinous terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which claimed many innocent lives. Our deep condolences go to the victims, their families and the people of India. The EU stands firm against terrorism." The German Foreign Office called it a "brutal attack" and said there is "no justification for the killing of innocent people".
"Germany stands with India in these difficult hours. We extend our deepest condolences to the families of the victims," it said in a post on X.
In a statement, the UAE Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned the terrorist attack.
&nbsp;
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
الإمارات تدين الهجوم الإرهابي على سياح في باهالجام في جامو وكشمير<a href="https://t.co/eOVbY93LBX">https://t.co/eOVbY93LBX</a> <a href="https://t.co/znDfk7Uwmw">pic.twitter.com/znDfk7Uwmw</a>
&mdash; MoFA وزارة الخارجية (@mofauae) <a href="https://twitter.com/mofauae/status/1914737717294084336?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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It affirmed that the UAE "expresses its strong condemnation of these criminal acts and its permanent rejection of all forms of violence and terrorism aimed at undermining security and stability in contravention of international law".
The ministry expressed its sincere condolences and sympathy to the government and people of India, and the families of the victims of this heinous attack, as well as its wishes for a speedy recovery for all the injured.
In a post on X, the Sri Lankan Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the attack and condoled the loss of lives.
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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet">
Sri Lanka strongly condemns the heinous terrorist attack that took place in Pahalgam, Jammu &amp; Kashmir today. We extend our heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims and wish a speedy recovery to those injured. (1/2)
&mdash; MFA SriLanka 🇱🇰 (@MFA_SriLanka) <a href="https://twitter.com/MFA_SriLanka/status/1914748596823708066?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 22, 2025</a></blockquote>
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"Sri Lanka strongly condemns the heinous terrorist attack that took place in Pahalgam, Jammu &amp; Kashmir today. We extend our heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims and wish a speedy recovery to those injured.
"Sri Lanka stands in firm solidarity with the Government and people of India in the fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. We reiterate our unwavering commitment to regional peace and security," it said.&nbsp;

Harvard University has filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration, challenging a federal funding freeze and alleging unconstitutional interference in academic affairs.

Harvard sues Donald Trump over US federal funding cuts

Harvard University has filed a lawsuit against the Trump administration, challenging a federal funding freeze and alleging unconstitutional interference in academic affairs.

Harvard sued US President Donald Trump's administration Monday in a sharp escalation of the fight between the prestigious university and the Republican, who has threatened its funding and sought to impose outside political supervision.
Trump has sought to bring several prestigious universities to heel over claims they tolerated campus anti-Semitism, threatening their budgets, tax-exempt status and the enrolment of foreign students, but Harvard has refused to bow.
"This case involves the Government's efforts to use the withholding of federal funding as leverage to gain control of academic decision making at Harvard," the Ivy League university said in a lawsuit filed in a Massachusetts federal court that named several other institutions targeted by Trump.
"The Government's actions flout not just the First Amendment, but also federal laws and regulations," said the complaint, which called Trump's actions "arbitrary and capricious."
Trump is furious at Harvard for rejecting government supervision of its admissions, hiring practices and political slant and last week ordered the freezing of $2.2 billion in federal funding to the storied institution.
The lawsuit calls for the freezing of funds and conditions imposed on federal grants to be declared unlawful, as well as for the Trump administration to pay Harvard's costs.
Trump and his White House team have publicly justified their campaign against universities as a reaction to what they say is uncontrolled "anti-Semitism" and a need to reverse diversity programs aimed at addressing historical oppression of minorities.
The administration claims protests against Israel's war in Gaza that swept across US college campuses last year were rife with anti-Semitism.
Many US universities, including Harvard, cracked down on the protests over the allegations at the time, with the Cambridge-based institution placing 23 students on probation and denying degrees to 12 others, according to protest organizers.
"Harvard can no longer be considered even a decent place of learning, and should not be considered on any list of the World's Great Universities or Colleges," Trump said on his Truth Social platform last week.
"Harvard is a JOKE, teaches Hate and Stupidity, and should no longer receive Federal Funds."
 - 'Sweeping freeze' -
Harvard President Alan Garber said that Trump's administration had launched "numerous investigations" into the university's operations.
Last week, Garber flatly refused to "negotiate over (Harvard's) independence or its constitutional rights."
Other top institutions, including Columbia University, have bowed to less sweeping demands from the Trump administration, which claims that the educational elite is too left-wing.
The Department of Homeland Security has also threatened Harvard's ability to enroll international students unless it turns over records on visa-holders' "illegal and violent activities."
International students made up 27.2 percent of Harvard's enrollment this academic year, according to its website.
"Make no mistake: Harvard rejects anti-Semitism and discrimination in all of its forms and is actively making structural reforms to eradicate anti-Semitism on campus," said Monday's lawsuit.
"But rather than engage with Harvard regarding those ongoing efforts, the Government announced a sweeping freeze of funding for medical, scientific, technological, and other research that has nothing at all to do with anti-Semitism."
Trump's claims about diversity tap into long-standing conservative complaints that US university campuses are too liberal, shutting out right-wing voices and favoring minorities.
In the case of Harvard, the White House is seeking unprecedented levels of government control over the inner workings of the country's oldest and wealthiest university -- and one of the most respected educational and research institutions in the world.

China cautions against trade deals favoring the US during the ongoing trade war, emphasizing potential global economic impact.

China Warning on US Trade Deals Amid Intensified Tariff War

Amid escalating trade war tensions, China warns nations about trade deals favoring the US, citing risks to global economic stability.

China urges nations to avoid trade deals with the US at its expense amid escalating tensions, as both impose tariffs.

Beijing is cautioning other nations against forging expanded trade agreements with the United States that could undermine Chinese interests, as tensions escalate in the ongoing tariff war between the world's two largest economies. China's latest warnings follow reports that the Trump administration intends to pressure countries seeking tariff negotiations with the US to reduce trade with China.
While US President Donald Trump has imposed a general 10 percent tariff on global imports, China faces much steeper tariffs, with levies as high as 145 percent on several of its products. In retaliation, China has implemented duties of up to 125 percent on US goods.
The Trump administration claims several countries are currently negotiating lower tariffs with the United States. However, China&rsquo;s Commerce Ministry made a firm statement on Monday, expressing strong opposition to any economic deals that other nations might make with Washington at China&rsquo;s expense.
"Appeasement will not bring peace, and compromise will not be respected," a spokesperson from China&rsquo;s Commerce Ministry declared. "To seek one&rsquo;s own temporary selfish interests at the expense of others' is to seek the skin of a tiger," the ministry warned, indicating that such an approach is destined to fail and cause widespread harm.
"China firmly opposes any party reaching a deal at the expense of China's interests," the spokesperson emphasized. "If such a situation arises, China will never accept it and will resolutely take reciprocal countermeasures."
Beijing also criticized Washington for "abusing" tariffs on all trading partners under the guise of "equivalence," while compelling countries into "reciprocal tariffs" negotiations.
China remains steadfast in defending its rights and interests and is eager to build solidarity with global partners, according to the ministry.
**The US-China Trade War Escalates**
President Trump&rsquo;s aggressive tariff strategy has resulted in both Washington and Beijing imposing significant duties on each other's imports, exacerbating a standoff that has raised fears of a global economic downturn and caused market upheaval.
Recently, Bloomberg reported that the Trump administration plans to pressure nations seeking tariff reductions or exemptions to limit their trade with China, including the potential imposition of monetary penalties.
Despite the tensions, Trump has stated that the United States is engaged in tariff discussions with China and expressed optimism about reaching a favorable agreement to resolve the trade conflict.
"We're in talks with China... they have reached out several times," Trump remarked to reporters at the Oval Office. "I think we're going to make a very good deal with China."
While China has pledged to fight the trade war to the end, it has not confirmed any negotiations with the US, although it has advocated for dialogue.
Beijing has vehemently criticized the US for what it terms "unilateralism and protectionism" and warned against a regression to an international order dominated by the "law of the jungle."
"In a world where the strong prey on the weak, all countries will ultimately become victims," Beijing stated on Monday.

After announcing Pope Francis's death, the Vatican initiates rituals marking the transition to a new papacy, including public viewing, mourning, and a conclave. Cardinal Farrell directs preparations, while the College of Cardinals handles Church operations.

Pope Francis' Passing: Church Rituals Explained

The Vatican confirms Pope Francis's death, sparking time-honored rituals for transitioning to a new papacy. Cardinal Farrell oversees preparations, including the destruction of the Fisherman's Ring and a nine-day mourning period, with an upcoming conclave for election.

The Vatican confirms Pope Francis's death, initiating traditional rituals for papal transition. Cardinal Farrell leads preparations for public viewing, mourning, and funeral, while the College of Cardinals manages operations until a new pope is elected.

Following the announced passing of Pope Francis by the Vatican on Monday, a series of time-honored traditions mark the transition from one papacy to the next in the Roman Catholic Church.
First, Cardinal Kevin Farrell, the camerlengo, will officially confirm the Pope's death. He is responsible for sealing the Pope's private apartment and organizing the funeral preparations.
A critical task for the camerlengo and his three assistants is deciding when the late Pope's coffin will be displayed for public viewing in St. Peter's Basilica. They will also ensure that the Pope's "Fisherman's Ring" and lead seal are destroyed to prevent misuse. In line with custom, no autopsy will be conducted.
The Church will observe nine days of mourning, with the funeral's date to be set by the cardinals, typically occurring four to six days post-mortem. Unlike many former popes, Pope Francis expressed his wish not to be interred in St. Peter's Basilica's crypt, but rather in St. Mary Major Basilica in Rome, and requested a simple wooden casket for his burial.
During this period, the College of Cardinals manages the Church's daily operations, though with restricted authority, leading to a temporary slowdown in central administration.
The conclave to elect a new pope will commence in the Sistine Chapel, occurring between 15 to 20 days after the Pope's death, with the precise start date determined by the cardinals. Participating in the secretive ballot are all cardinals under the age of 80, necessitating a two-thirds plus one vote majority to elect the new pope. The election process may involve multiple rounds over several days. Upon election, the new pope is asked to confirm his acceptance and declare his chosen papal name.
The successful election is communicated to the world through the burning of ballots with chemicals that produce white smoke from the chapel's chimney. Black smoke, meanwhile, signifies an inconclusive vote.
Next, the dean of the College of Cardinals will announce "Habemus Papam" (We have a pope) from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, introducing the new pope, who will offer his blessing to the gathered crowd in the square.

Pope Francis has died at 88. Remembered for his humility and reforms, he led the Catholic Church with compassion. Tributes flow globally as the Vatican and believers mourn his passing. His legacy of inclusivity and justice will endure.

Pope Francis Dies at 88, Vatican Confirms

The Vatican announces the death of Pope Francis at 88. Known for progressive reforms and his compassionate leadership, his passing marks a significant moment for the Catholic Church and its followers. Tributes honor his lasting influence.

Pope Francis has passed away at 88, leaving behind a legacy of compassion and reform within the Catholic Church.

Pope Francis, an energetic reformer who inspired widespread devotion from Catholics but riled traditionalists, died on Monday aged 88.
The Argentine pontiff, leader of the Catholic Church since March 2013, spent 38 days being treated for double pneumonia at Rome's Gemelli hospital before seeming to recover and leaving the facility on March 23.
His death came just a day after he delighted the crowds of worshippers at the Vatican on Easter Sunday with an appearance on the balcony at Saint Peter's Basilica.
"Dearest brothers and sisters, it is with deep sorrow that I must announce the death of our Holy Father Francis," said Cardinal Kevin Farrell in the statement published by the Vatican on its Telegram channel.
"This morning at 7:35 am (0535 GMT) the Bishop of Rome, Francis, returned to the home of the Father.
"His entire life was dedicated to the service of the Lord and His church."
His death sets in motion centuries-old traditions that will culminate in the gathering of a conclave of cardinals to choose a successor.
In the meantime, the day-to-day running of the tiny Vatican City state will be handled by the camerlengo, a senior cardinal, currently Dublin-born Kevin Farrell.
 - 'Humble pastor' -
Francis, whose real name was Jorge Bergoglio, was the first Jesuit to lead the world's almost 1.4 billion Catholics and the first from the Americas.
He took over after Benedict XVI became the first pontiff since the Middle Ages to step down -- and cut a sharply different figure from the German theologian.
A football-loving former archbishop of Buenos Aires who was often happiest among his flock, Francis sought to forge a more open and compassionate church.
He strongly defended social justice, the rights of migrants and the environment, while also pushing through governance reforms and tackling the scourge of clerical sex abuse of children.
But critics accused him of creating doctrinal confusion and failing to defend traditional Catholic beliefs on key issues such as abortion and divorce.
Francis's desire to chart a different path was evident right to the end, with his decision to be buried not in St Peter's Basilica but in Rome's Santa Maria Maggiore basilica.
He will become the first pope in more than 100 years to be laid to rest outside the Vatican.
Francis also rejected the tradition of popes having three coffins, instead choosing to buried in just one, made of wood and zinc, to reflect his role as a humble pastor.
 - Health issues -
Francis had left open the possibility of stepping down if he felt unable to do his job, following the example of Benedict, who quit citing his ailing health.
But he insisted for years that time had not yet come, and maintained a busy schedule, right up to hosting the prime minister of Slovakia shortly before his hospital admission.
Francis, who had part of his lung removed as a young man, was visibly breathless in the days before going to the Gemelli, delegating aides to read his homilies at public audiences.
Questions will now be asked whether the pontiff, known for being stubborn and refusing to take rest, should have been admitted to hospital earlier.
Even after he was released from hospital and ordered to rest for two months, Francis did not wait long before making public appearances.
He had been hospitalised with a respiratory infection in March 2023. That same year he also underwent surgery for a hernia, and in 2021 he had colon surgery.
He suffered knee pain that required him to use a wheelchair, and had fallen twice in recent months.
Yet he never took a day off and made frequent trips abroad, including a four-nation Asia-Pacific tour only last September.
Huge crowds gathered wherever he went, a testament to his popularity and human touch, which saw him finish his Sunday Angelus prayer each week urging followers to pray for him and to have a good lunch.
 - Who am I to judge? -
When Francis took over, the Catholic Church was mired in infighting and beset by a global scandal over clerical sex abuse of children and decades of cover-ups.
He promised an end to impunity and changed Vatican law to help tackle abuse, though victims said he could have gone further.
More widely, he initiated a major shake-up of the Vatican's powerful governing body, including improving financial responsibility and allowing lay Catholics to lead Vatican offices.
Throughout his papacy, Francis championed the poor and vulnerable and emphasised love over doctrine.
"If someone is gay and is searching for the Lord and has good will, then who am I to judge him?" he said at the start of his papacy.
However, his detractors accused him of failing to uphold established Church doctrine, and his final months were marked by increasingly outspoken attacks by senior cardinals.
Tensions with conservative Catholics marked the Synod congress that met at the Vatican at the end of 2023, part of a years-long global consultation on the future of the church -- that Francis now leaves unfinished.

Pope Francis has passed away at 88, initiating the Vatican's interregnum. The Catholic Church faces a profound transition as cardinals convene for the papal conclave to elect a new pope, with the world watching for the symbolic smoke signal.

Pope Francis Dies at 88: Vatican's New Chapter

Pope Francis's death marks the beginning of the Vatican's interregnum. The Catholic Church commences this transitional phase as cardinals prepare to elect a new pope. Watch for the iconic smoke signal from the Sistine Chapel.

Pope Francis, 88, has died, marking the start of the Vatican's interregnum. Tradition and ritual guide the Church as Cardinals prepare for the conclave to elect a new pope, concluding with the announcement from St. Peter&rsquo;s.

In a somber moment for the global Catholic community, Pope Francis has died at the age of 88. After battling numerous age-related health issues and spending over a month in the hospital, his passing marks the end of an era while ushering the Vatican into an interregnum phase. During this period, the intricate process of selecting a new pope begins, leaving the highest position within the Catholic Church temporarily vacant.
Procedures following the Pope&rsquo;s passing
Upon a pope's death, the Vatican enters the interregnum, the interval between papacies. Traditionally, this process begins with the camerlengo, the Vatican's administrator responsible for property and revenues, confirming the pope's passing. This involves calling out the pope&rsquo;s baptismal name three times. The historical ritual of tapping the pope's forehead with a small silver hammer, however, was discontinued after 1963.
The Vatican then communicates the solemn news to the world via its official channels.
Next, the papal apartment is ceremonially sealed by the camerlengo&mdash;a practice originally intended to prevent looting. The camerlengo also oversees the symbolic destruction of the Fisherman's Ring and the pope&rsquo;s official seal, signifying the end of his papal authority.
According to the constitution *Universi Dominici Gregis*, which outlines the papal transition procedure, the pope's funeral must take place within 4 to 6 days of his death. Traditionally, the pope is laid to rest at St. Peter&rsquo;s Basilica, unless he has indicated a different final resting place. A prescribed nine-day mourning period follows the funeral.
Selection of a new Pope**
The papal conclave, tasked with electing the new pope, commences approximately 15 to 20 days after the pope&rsquo;s death. Cardinals under the age of 80 convene at the Vatican to undertake this secretive and sacred responsibility. Inside the hallowed walls of the Sistine Chapel, they are isolated from the outside world, devoid of media or phone contact.
The cardinals engage in several voting rounds, each followed by the burning of ballots. The world watches for the symbolic smoke from the chapel chimney: black indicating deliberation continues, and white heralding the successful election of a new pope.
Proclaiming the new Pope
Upon election, the chosen candidate is formally asked to accept the papal mantle. If he consents, he selects a new papal name, often inspired by saints. Then, from the balcony of St. Peter&rsquo;s Basilica, the Senior Cardinal Deacon announces, "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope"). Shortly thereafter, the newly elected pope steps forward to greet the faithful gathered in St. Peter&rsquo;s Square, bestowing his first blessings as the leader of the Catholic Church.

A Columbia University study warns that climate change increases arsenic in rice, boosting cancer and health risks in Asia by 2050.

Climate Change Raises Arsenic in Rice and Cancer Risks

Study links climate change to higher arsenic levels in rice, posing increased cancer and health risks in Asian populations by 2050.

A new study in The Lancet warns that climate change may increase arsenic levels in rice, elevating cancer risks in Asia by 2050.

Climate change could be resulting in higher levels of arsenic in rice, potentially increasing lifetime cancer and health risks for people in Asian countries by 2050, according to a new study published in The Lancet Planetary Health journal.
Researchers from Columbia University, US, explained that an increase in temperatures above 2 degrees Celsius and rising levels of carbon dioxide could be causing changes in soil chemistry, favouring arsenic, which gets more easily absorbed into a rice grain.
Contaminated soil and irrigated water while growing rice are known to increase inorganic arsenic in rice.
An increased exposure to arsenic is known to heighten the risk of cancers of the lung, bladder and skin, among others. Rice can also absorb additional arsenic from water used for cooking.
"Our results suggest that this increase in arsenic levels could significantly elevate the incidence of heart disease, diabetes, and other non-cancer health effects," author Lewis Ziska, associate professor of environmental health sciences, Columbia University, said.
"As rice is a dietary staple in many parts of the world, these changes could lead to a substantial rise in the global burden of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other arsenic-related health issues," Ziska said.
Studies have revealed rice consumption to be a major health threat to people in South and Southeast Asian countries, including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam, where rice is the staple food.
The combined effects of rising CO2 and temperatures on arsenic accumulation in rice have not been studied in detail until now, the team said.
In this study, the researchers measured the effects of rising temperatures and carbon dioxide on 28 rice strains over 10 years in the field. Using models, inorganic arsenic doses and health risks for seven Asian countries -- Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Vietnam -- were estimated.
"We found that temperature and CO2 act synergistically to increase arsenic concentrations in rice, compounding dietary arsenic exposures for rice consumers and leading to projected cancer cases in the tens of millions among populations of Asian countries in 2050," according to the study.
Projected average cases of bladder and lung cancer in 2050 were found to increase in proportion with exposure to arsenic, with the highest risk projections (44 per cent) seen for rising temperatures and carbon dioxide levels.
China was projected to see 1.34 crore cases of cancer attributable to arsenic in rice in 2050 -- the highest among the seven countries studied.
"Emerging evidence also suggests that arsenic exposure may be linked to diabetes, adverse pregnancy outcomes, neurodevelopmental issues, and immune system effects," Ziska said.
The authors suggested measures to reduce arsenic exposure, including breeding plants to minimise arsenic uptake and improved soil management in rice paddies, along with public health initiatives.

Witness the rare exposition of the sacred tooth relic at the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, Sri Lanka, open from noon to 5 p.m. daily until April 27, promoting national unity and recovery.

Kandy Hosts Rare Buddhist Tooth Relic Exposition

Experience a historic event in Kandy, Sri Lanka as the sacred tooth relic of Lord Buddha is displayed after 16 years, highlighting cultural reverence and national unity.

The sacred tooth relic of Lord Buddha is on rare display in Kandy, marking a cultural and religious event while promoting Sri Lanka's unity and economic recovery.

A rare exposition of the sacred tooth relic of Lord Buddha began on Friday in Sri Lanka's central town of Kandy after a gap of 16 years, according to an official statement.
The event will continue for 10 days until April 27, and the relics will be available to the public for viewing from noon till 5 pm local time, said a statement by the office of President Anura Kumara Dissanayake.
Ambassadors from 17 nations including India were arranged to travel by train to Kandy to view the exposition, according to the statement.
Tens of thousands of Buddhist devotees are expected to venerate the relic, Mahawela Rathanapala, a senior monk in the holy shrine of the Temple of the Tooth in Kandy, told reporters.
The tooth relic holds special spiritual, historical and cultural significance for the 74 per cent Sinhala Buddhist majority in the island nation of 21 million people.
&ldquo;Thousand have been lining up since two days ago at all three access roads to the temple,&rdquo; Rathanapala said.
According to historical records, the tooth relic which came to Kandy in 1590, came to symbolise Buddhist holiness, becoming Sri Lanka's most treasured possession and the seal of sovereignty.
It is said that no one was ever allowed to view the actual tooth relic. What could be seen behind a gilt railing and a silver table at the Temple of the Tooth is a gold-plated reliquary- the outermost of seven caskets.
For most of its history, the inner sanctum housing the caskets was only accessible to the King and certain powerful Buddhist monks. In the modern day, visitors are allowed to view the reliquary from a distance.
&ldquo;The initiative aims to convey a message to Sri Lanka&rsquo;s friendly nations that the country is recovering economically overcoming previous challenges and fostering national harmony. The event also seeks to strengthen international support for Sri Lanka,&rdquo; a statement said.

In the first foreign secretary-level talks in 15 years, Bangladesh raised unresolved issues with Pakistan, demanding a public apology for the 1971 atrocities and $4.3 billion compensation from assets.

Bangladesh demands apology and compensation from Pakistan for 1971 atrocities

In the first foreign secretary-level talks in 15 years, Bangladesh raised unresolved issues with Pakistan, demanding a public apology for the 1971 atrocities and $4.3 billion compensation from assets.

Bangladesh on Thursday raised "historically unresolved issues" and demanded a public apology from Pakistan over the 1971 atrocities as the two countries held their first foreign secretary-level talks in 15 years in Dhaka.
Dhaka also asked Islamabad to pay USD 4.3 billion as its share from the combined assets at the time when East Pakistan split from West Pakistan in 1971 to form an independent Bangladesh.
"We have raised the historically unresolved issues with Pakistan," Bangladesh Foreign Secretary M Jashim Uddin told reporters after the Foreign Office Consultation (FOC) meeting with Pakistani counterpart Amna Baloch held at state guest house Padma.
Their talks came days ahead of Pakistani Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar's visit to Dhaka on April 27 and 28.
Jashim Uddin said the issues included "the repatriation of stranded Pakistanis, equitable distribution of undivided assets, transfer of foreign aid funds sent for the victims of the 1970 cyclone, and a formal public apology for the genocide committed by the then Pakistani military in 1971&rdquo;.
"We said this is the right time to settle the historical unsettled issues,&rdquo; he said, adding these issues needed to be resolved to have a &ldquo;solid foundation of our relations" for mutual benefits and interests.
Asked about Pakistan's response to the call, Jashim Uddin said they would like to "remain engaged" with a positive outlook to discuss the unsettled issue in future.
In a statement, Pakistan's Foreign Office said that both sides had a "constructive and forward-looking engagement in a cordial environment where the entire spectrum of Pakistan-Bangladesh bilateral relations came under discussion, including political, economic and trade relations".
It added that cooperation in agriculture, environment and education, cultural exchanges and defence relations were also discussed and new avenues of cooperation were explored by the two sides.
Later, Baloch called on Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus and Foreign Affairs Adviser Touhid Hossain separately.
Yunus emphasised strengthening relations with Pakistan to boost mutual cooperation and explore trade and business potentials.
"There are certain hurdles. We have to find ways to overcome those and move forward," he told Baloch.
Acknowledging past issues, Baloch said Bangladesh and Pakistan must find ways to &ldquo;harness the potentials between the two countries." "We kept missing each other for a long time as our relationship was frozen. We have to overcome the barriers,&rdquo; Yunus said as he recalled his meeting with Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif in New York on the sidelines of the UNGA in September last year and in Cairo on the sidelines of the D-8 Summit in December.
Baloch later called on Advisor on Foreign Affairs MD. Touhid Hossain and discussed regional issues, including revival of SAARC and trade and economic relations between the two countries, the Pakistani Foreign office said.
The foreign secretary-level talks come amid a thaw between the two countries after the ouster of prime minister Sheikh Hasina in August last year.
The Yunus-led interim government appears to be playing down the role of Hasina's father Mujibur Rehman in the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971. The Indian Army took over 90,000 Pakistani soldiers as prisoners in that war.
According to the foreign secretary, Dhaka also asked Pakistan to pay the unpaid USD 200 million foreign donations for victims of the then East Pakistan after the 1970s cyclone.
Asked if the money devaluation over the decades was taken into consideration, he said the issue was just tabled during the FOC and the details are expected to come up during the subsequent talks.
Jashim Uddin said Dhaka also underscored the importance of strengthening economic and trade relations with Islamabad.
&ldquo;We stressed the need for enhanced market access for Bangladeshi products in Pakistan, simplifying trade procedures, removing tariff barriers, and boosting Pakistani investment in Bangladesh,&rdquo; he said.
The two sides also discussed enhancing cooperation in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock through the transfer of technology, improved breeds, and experience-sharing to boost productivity.
The two sides hoped that direct flights between Bangladesh and Pakistan would be launched soon.
Jasim Uddin said Dhaka reiterated the importance of regional cooperation under the SAARC framework and called for its revitalization to ensure stability, connectivity, and development in South Asia.
When asked if Dhaka was leaning towards Pakistan as it was being said Bangladesh was tilted towards New Delhi in the past, Jashim Uddin said Bangladesh intended to build relations with Pakistan based on &ldquo;mutual respect&rdquo; and &ldquo;mutual benefit&rdquo; and not an issue of tilting towards a particular country.
"We believe comprehensive discussions held today on bilateral, regional, and global issues will help move our cooperation forward and contribute to resolving priority concerns through mutual goodwill and consensus,&rdquo; he said.

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In UK, most adults under the age of 40 will be given an alternative to the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine due to a link with rare blood clots. The country&rsquo;s medicines safety regulator said there have been 242 clotting cases and 49 deaths, with 28.5 million doses of the vaccine administered.
However, the risk is slightly higher in younger age groups. The risk of a clot is roughly one in 100,000 for people in their 40s, but rises to one in 60,000 for people in their 30s. Two in a million people in their 40s died rising to four per million people in their 30s.
The supply of alternative vaccines, including Pfizer and Moderna, has made the decision possible.

Blood clot risks: In UK under 40s to be offered alternative to AstraZeneca Covid vaccine

In UK, most adults under the age of 40 will be given an alternative to the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine due to a link with rare blood clots. The country&rsquo;s medicines safety regulator said there have been 242 clotting cases and 49 deaths, with 28.5 million doses of the vaccine administered.
However, the risk is slightly higher in younger age groups. The risk of a clot is roughly one in 100,000 for people in their 40s, but rises to one in 60,000 for people in their 30s. Two in a million people in their 40s died rising to four per million people in their 30s.
The supply of alternative vaccines, including Pfizer and Moderna, has made the decision possible.

In UK under 40s to be offered alternative to AstraZeneca Covid vaccine

AstraZeneca&nbsp;vaccine alternative for under 40s in UK
Alternative given due to vaccine's link to blood clots
Risk of a blood clot higher in younger age
Supply of&nbsp;alternative vaccines also facilitates decision
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

A tragic aircraft incident off Thailand's Hua Hin coast resulted in five police officers' deaths, with another critically injured. Investigations are ongoing.

5 Dead, One Injured After Small Plane Crashes Into Sea Near Thailand Airport

A police test flight near Hua Hin ended in tragedy, crashing into the sea and killing five. One officer is in critical condition. The investigation continues.

A police aircraft crashed off Hua Hin, Thailand, during a test flight, killing five officers. Another officer is critical. Investigators seek the accident's cause.

Thailand: A small police plane crashed into the sea near a popular beach town in Thailand, killing at least five people on board, officials said.
The plane was conducting a test flight to prepare for parachute training in Hua Hin district before it crashed around 8 am, said Royal Thai Police spokesperson Archayon Kraithong.
Officials did not immediately share the model of the propeller plane, but photos from the scene appear to show a Viking DHC-6 Twin Otter.
The plane crashed near Hua Hin Airport, said the public relations department of Prachuab Kiri Khan province.
&nbsp;
&lt;blockquote class="twitter-tweet"&gt;&lt;p lang="en" dir="ltr"&gt;BREAKING: Small plane crashes into sea near Hua Hin Airport in Thailand, killing 5 people and injuring 1 person. &lt;a href="https://t.co/UxK48kxAPs"&gt;pic.twitter.com/UxK48kxAPs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&amp;mdash; AZ Intel (@AZ_Intel_) &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/AZ_Intel_/status/1915601172230004828?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"&gt;April 25, 2025&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
The photos show the plane in the sea about 100 meters off shore. The body of the plane appeared to be broken in two.
There were six people on board, all police officers, Archayon said.
He initially said that five people died at the scene and one died at the hospital, but later revised the death toll to five, saying the officer who was sent to the hospital remained in critical condition but alive.
The cause of the crash was not immediately known.
Archayon said officials are gathering evidence including data from the plane's black box.

India marks a final day of mourning for Pope Francis with flags at half-mast and no official events, reflecting worldwide respect for his legacy.

India Honors Pope Francis with State Mourning

India observes the final day of mourning for Pope Francis, honoring his legacy with flags flown at half-mast and the cancellation of official events nationwide, joining a global tribute for the late pontiff.

India observes final mourning day for Pope Francis with flags at half-mast and cancelled official events, marking respect during his global farewell.

The third and final day of state mourning declared as a mark of respect for Pope Francis will be held on Saturday when his funeral mass and burial are carried out, the government said.
The National Flag will be flown at half mast throughout India on all buildings and there will be no official entertainment on the day, an official statement issued Thursday said.
"The Government of India had announced three-day state mourning as a mark of respect on the passing away of His Holiness Pope Francis, Supreme Pontiff of the Holy See. Two days' state mourning was observed on April 22 and April 23, 2025 and one day's state mourning will be observed on the day of the funeral," it said.
Pope Francis, the first non-European Pope in nearly 1,300 years, died on April 21 aged 88. He was diagnosed with double pneumonia.

China condemns the terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, mourning victims and opposing terrorism in all forms.

China Critically Condemns Jammu 

China strongly condemns the terror attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, mourning victims and emphasizing its stand against terrorism.

China condemns the deadly Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir, mourning victims and opposing all forms of terrorism.

China on Wednesday &ldquo;strongly condemned&rdquo; the terror attack in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir that killed 26 people.
&ldquo;China has noted the reports,&rdquo; Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Guo Jiakun told a media briefing here while responding to a query on the attack.
&ldquo;We strongly condemn the attack. China firmly opposes all forms of terrorism. We mourn for the lives lost and express sincere sympathies to the bereaved families and the injured,&rdquo; he said.
Separately, Chinese Ambassador to India Xu Feihong also condemned the attack.
"Shocked by the attack in Pahalgam and condemn,&rdquo; he posted on X.
&ldquo;Deep condolences for the victims and sincere sympathies to the injured and the bereaved families. Oppose terrorism of all forms,&rdquo; he added.
Terrorists opened fire in Pahalgam on Tuesday afternoon, killing 26 people, mostly tourists, in what is the deadliest attack in the Valley since the Pulwama strike in 2019.

Pakistan denies involvement in Pahalgam attacks; Amit Shah visits site. Security heightened in Kashmir as national tensions rise.

Pakistan Denies Link to Pahalgam Terror Attacks

Pakistan denies any link to Pahalgam attacks; offers condolences to victims. Amit Shah visits site, pledging justice amid tightened security in Kashmir.

Pakistan dismisses any link to the Pahalgam attacks, urging internal reflection by India. Both nations exchange condolences, while security measures intensify in response to the fatal incident.

In its first official response to the recent terror attacks in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which claimed the lives of 26 individuals, Pakistan has categorically denied any involvement.&nbsp;
Pakistan's Defence Minister, Khawaja Asif, described the attacks as "home-grown," suggesting that they were linked to India's internal issues. Asif emphasized that Pakistan had no connection to the tragic incident. "Pakistan has no link with the Pahalgam terror attack," he stated, adding that the unrest faced by India in various regions such as Nagaland, Manipur, Kashmir, and Chhattisgarh was due to internal exploitation by the Indian government.
Asif further clarified that Pakistan does not support terrorism in any form and stressed that civilians should be protected from terrorist activities. He pointed out that if local forces oppose the Indian government, Pakistan is often unjustly blamed.
In a separate move, Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs extended its condolences to the victims' families. A spokesperson expressed concern over the loss of tourist lives in the Anantnag district and offered condolences to the bereaved families while wishing a speedy recovery to those injured.
Amit Shah visits Pahalgam
Following the attacks, India's Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, arrived in Srinagar, where he paid his respects to the victims at a Police Control Room. Shah met with the mourning families, offering assurances of justice. He also visited the attack site in Pahalgam's Baisaran region and chaired a high-level security meeting. The meeting was attended by Jammu and Kashmir's Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha and other senior officials.
Details of the Pahalgam attacks*
The terror attack unfolded on Tuesday, April 22, in Baisaran, a popular tourist spot in Pahalgam. As authorities continue their investigations, the security situation in the region remains tense.

Successor to Pope Francis to be elected by a diverse conclave of cardinals, reflecting global Catholicism's future direction.

Future of Papacy after the demise of Pope Francis

In the wake of Pope Francis's death, the upcoming conclave of cardinals represents a pivotal moment for the Catholic Church, potentially ushering in a leader reflecting Francis’s global vision.

Following Pope Francis&rsquo;s death, the Vatican prepares for the secret conclave to elect a new pope, spotlighting the international cardinals nurtured by Francis, aiming beyond European borders.

With the death of Pope Francis, announced by the Vatican on Monday, Roman Catholics worldwide are poised to speculate on which of the red-robed cardinals will succeed him. Given Pope Francis&rsquo;s distinctive approach to appointing cardinals during his papacy, there is anticipation that the next pope could also be non-European, and perhaps, like Francis, progressive in his stance, often opposing the Church's conservative wing.
The election process that follows a papal death is highly confidential. It will culminate with white smoke emerging from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel, signifying the selection of a new pope. Cardinals&mdash;key collaborators of the pope, managing crucial Vatican departments and dioceses globally&mdash;convene in a secret conclave to elect a new leader for the Roman Catholic Church's nearly 1.4 billion members if they are younger than 80.
This intricate voting process will indicate whether the current cardinals, many appointed by Pope Francis, favor his liberal social values and reformist agenda or if they feel the Church needs a period of consolidation.
The cardinals will set the start date for the conclave upon their arrival in Rome. Appointed exclusively by a pope, cardinals carry his legacy, as they are influential senior clerics and potential pontiff candidates. As of April 21, the Vatican reported 252 cardinals, 135 of whom are eligible electors.
Of these, 108 were appointed by Francis, 22 by Benedict, and five by John Paul II. Cardinals are formally instated in ceremonies called consistories, where they receive their ring, a red biretta, and pledge to the pope, signifying their loyalty through the color red, which represents their willingness to sacrifice for the Church.
Pope Francis convened 10 consistories, each increasing the likelihood of a non-European successor by bolstering the representation of the Church in regions where Catholicism is either a growing minority or where it is expanding more rapidly than in the largely stagnant Western world.
Historically, most cardinals were Italian, except during the 1309-1377 Avignon Papacy when many were French.
The internationalization of the College of Cardinals was initiated by Paul VI (1963-1978) and greatly expanded by John Paul II (1978-2005), the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.
While Europe still holds the largest share of cardinal electors at about 39%, this has decreased from 52% in 2013 when Francis, the first Latin American pope, was elected. The second largest bloc of electors now hails from Asia and Oceania, comprising about 20%.
A SHIFT FROM EURO-CENTRICITY &nbsp; Francis appointed more than 20 cardinals from countries that had never had representation, focusing on developing nations like Rwanda, Cape Verde, Tonga, Myanmar, Mongolia, and South Sudan, as well as places with few Catholics like Sweden.
He strategically bypassed certain European vacancies, such as in major cities, to emphasize that the Church should not be overly Euro-centric. In the United States, he overlooked dioceses like Los Angeles and San Francisco, seemingly due to their conservative leadership.
Robert McElroy, the Archbishop of Washington as of March, is known as a progressive and vocal supporter of Francis's priorities, including environmental protection and a more inclusive approach to LGBTQ Catholics.
A PAPACY'S INFLUENCE &nbsp; A pope&rsquo;s appointments can increase the chances of a successor with similar church and societal perspectives. However, the cardinals might choose someone with differing theological views if they believe that person is better suited to the Church's internal dynamics or the historical context of the election.
Pope Benedict succeeded John Paul II partly due to his long association with him and the desire for continuity. However, after the "Vatileaks" scandal revealed administrative issues under Italian oversight, many cardinals felt an "outsider" was needed and chose Argentina&rsquo;s Jorge Mario Bergoglio&mdash;the first non-European pope in nearly 1,300 years.
Older cardinals, despite being ineligible for the conclave, can influence the decision. They attend General Congregations before the conclave, where the qualities needed in the new pope are discussed.

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