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US man lost his left eye after suffering a 7,200-volt electric shock

World's first whole eye transplant done in US

US man lost his left eye after suffering a 7,200-volt electric shock

A team of surgeons in New York has performed the world's first transplant of an entire eye in a procedure widely hailed as a medical breakthrough, although it isn't yet known whether the man will ever see through the donated eye.
The groundbreaking surgery involved removing part of the face and the whole left eye -- including its blood supply and optic nerve -- of a donor and grafting them onto a lineworker from Arkansas who survived a 7,200-volt electric shock in June 2021.
Aaron James, 46, suffered extensive injuries including the loss of his left eye, his dominant left arm above the elbow, his nose and lips, front teeth, left cheek area and chin.
He was referred to NYU Langone Health, a leading medical centre for facial transplants, which carried out the procedure on May 27.
Transplanting an entire eye has long been a holy grail of medical science, and though researchers have had some success in animals -- where they have restored partial vision -- it's never before been performed in a living person.
"It's uncharted territory, but we're looking forward to the exploration," Eduardo Rodriguez, who led the surgery, told AFP in an interview.
It was Rodriguez' fifth face transplant, and "we've been able to trim the time from where I started in 2012 from 36 hours to now 21," he said, adding face transplants are no longer an experimental procedure and should be considered "standard of care" in certain cases of severe disfigurement.
The transplanted left eye appears very healthy, said retinal ophthalmologist Vaidehi Dedania. It has a good blood supply, is maintaining its pressure, and is generating an electrical signal, though James is not yet able to see. "But we have a lot of hope," she added.
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- 'Huge deal' - "This is a huge deal," Kia Washington, a professor of surgery at University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, who has been working in the same field for 15 years, told AFP, commending her peers.
Daniel Pelaez of the University of Miami's Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, who has also been working towards the same goal, told AFP: &nbsp;"The transplantation of a human eye at NYU Langone represents a pivotal moment in our common quest to restore sight and offers hope to countless individuals around the world."
James, whose right eye remains intact, was considered an ideal candidate because his need for a facial transplant meant he would require immunosuppressive drugs regardless. This meant attempting an eye transplant would be worthwhile even if it conferred only cosmetic value.
"I can smell again, I can eat again, taste food. For the first time in a year and a half, I got to kiss my wife," he told AFP in an interview. "I want to go out in public now and not wear a mask and cover-up."
"I want it to get out to as many people as we can who may not know about this option -- especially about the eye," he continued. "Even if it didn't work for me, it was a start, so maybe Dr Rodriguez could learn something different to do the next time."
- Optic nerve regeneration - Given the time that has passed since the surgery, Washington said she did not think it likely that James's eye would regain vision, but "I never say something is impossible," she added.
The NYU Langone team said they had used bone marrow-derived adult stem cells to promote nerve repair.
Achieving the goal of sight restoration could involve bringing other cutting-edge approaches to bear, said Washington -- including gene therapy to tap the optic nerve's intrinsic ability to heal; using a device called a nerve wrap to protect the tissue; or using devices that pick up signals and bypass the damaged pathway.
"We're making great progress in the treatments to promote optic nerve regeneration that could accompany eye transplant," Jeffrey Goldberg, who is leading similar efforts at the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University, told AFP.
"These adjunctive therapies will allow the donor eye to significantly connect to the brain and restore meaningful visual function to blind patients everywhere."
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'India's youngest organ donor': 100-hour-old brain dead infant gives new lease of life to 4 babies

An NGO which played a role in the process, claimed that the infant is the youngest organ donor in the country.

&nbsp;Four babies got a fresh lease of life after the parents of a 100-hour-old brain dead infant in Gujarat&rsquo;s Surat city donated his body parts, an organ donation foundation said on Sunday.
NGO Jeevandeep Organ Donation Foundation, which played a role in the process, claimed that the infant is the youngest organ donor in the country.
The baby was incubated after birth as he had a feeble heartbeat and was not breathing. After 48 hours of observation, he was referred to a neurosurgeon who declared him brain dead, said an official from the foundation.
Following counselling, the infant's parents agreed to donate their son&rsquo;s organs to give a new lease of life to those who needed them, said the managing trustee of the foundation, Vipul Talaviya.
&ldquo;The baby&rsquo;s parents Anup and Vandana Thakor agreed to donate his organs after being told about a similar case of a five-day-old baby as recent as October 18, who was until now the youngest donor,&rdquo; he said.
The infant&rsquo;s two kidneys, a spleen and eyes were harvested on Friday night, approximately 100 hours after he was born on the evening of October 23, he said. The recipients are all babies.&nbsp;
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Indians aged 65 and above can also register for seeking organs now

Sources also said the Union Health Ministry has recommended all states to remove the domicile criterion so that needy patients can register themselves in any state for receiving organs.

Patients aged 65 years and above can also register for receiving organs from a deceased donor now as the Centre has made necessary changes in the regulation, official sources said on Thursday.
They also said the Union Health Ministry has recommended all states to remove the domicile criterion so that needy patients can register themselves in any state for receiving organs.
The sources said the ministry also asked states not to charge any fee from patients seeking such registration, saying it was against the provisions of the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Rules, 2014, An official said states such as Telangana, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kerala have been charging anything between Rs 5,000 to 10,000.
The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO) has made necessary changes in the guidelines which now allows patients aged 65 years and above to register themselves for receiving organs from a deceased donor.
"For registering patients requiring organs of deceased donors, earlier the upper age limit was 65 years. With this restriction removed, patients of all age groups can register for deceased donor organs. The changed guidelines have been put on the website of the NOTTO," an official source said.
Besides, in some states only patients who are domiciles of that state are allowed to register or are given preference for deceased organ donors. Now, the Union Health Ministry has recommended all states to remove such restrictions so that needy patients can register themselves in any state for receiving organs, the official source said.
"It should be as per the waiting list. This will help patients in seeking transplants from deceased donors at any hospital giving a lot of flexibility," the official source said.
According to officials data, the number of organ transplants has increased from 4,990 in 2013 to 15,561 in 2022. The total number of kidney transplants from living donors have increased from 3,495 in 2013 to 9,834 in 2022 and from deceased donors, it has increased from 542 to 1,589 in 2022.
The total number of liver transplants from living donors has increased from 658 in 2013 to 2,957 in 2022 and from 240 to 761 in 2022 from deceased donor.
The total number of heart transplants have increased from 30 in 2013 to 250 in 2022 while lung transplants from 23 to 138.&nbsp;

An operation theatre would be a scary place for most people. But what if the person doing the surgery is not a doctor? And the patient has been lured or cheated into coming for the procedure? And the objective is to steal the patient's internal organs?
This nightmare plays out time and again in different parts of India. This time it is the national capital. More than ten people have been arrested by Delhi police in a kidney racket case.
The gang allegedly transplanted over 20 kidneys, and the procedures were done at a clinic in Gohana, in Haryana's Sonipat. The gang was allegedly led by Kuldeep Ray Vishwakarma, an operation theatre technician. Some of the accused worked at prominent hospitals in the national capital region.
ALSO WATCH |&nbsp;Scary needle attacks at concerts, clubs in Europe: 300 cases in France, 1,000 complaints in UK
The gang adopted a modus operandi similar to many kidney rackets in the past. They targeted people in dire need of money, and in the age group of 20 to 30 years. The gang used motivational videos and also a Facebook page to lure targets.
Two accused named Shailesh and Sarvjeet allegedly enticed and convinced victims. A person named Latif allegedly helped in conducting the victims' medical tests. Vikas, another accused, helped with accommodation and travel of the victims to Gohana, where illegal transplants were done at Dr Sonu Rohilla's clinic, as per police.
Many such rackets have been busted by police in various parts of India. In 2002, a dangerous operation was uncovered in Punjab's Amritsar. In 2008, a similar racket was unearthed in Haryana's Gurgaon. Surgeries were done at a private house. In 2018, needly recipients were allegedly lured with fake documents at a Kolkata hospital. In May 2022, an alleged kidney racket was busted at Pune's Ruby Hall clinic.
There are multiple reasons why kidney rackets are so common. The biggest reason is demand. India sees around 2 lakh cases of end-stage kidney failure every year, with patients needing either transplant or dialysis. But only 5,000 to 9,000 transplants reportedly take place.
Another reason is that kidneys survive outside the body for 24 to 36 hours, compared to just a few hours for liver and lungs. At ₹5-10 lakhs, the cost of a kidney transplant is also much lower than other organs. Additionally, most urologists are trained to do kidney transplants, and patients do not face undue risks.
Kidney transplant is governed in India by the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994. The law reportedly says that organs can be taken from recipient's living close relatives like children, siblings, spouse, grandparents, and grandchildren. Distant relatives, long-term friends, and parents-in-law can also donate, but money can't exchange hands. Swap transplants, and donations from brain-dead and cardiac-dead patients are also reportedly allowed. Living donations are checked by a hospital committee to prevent commercial transactions.
The law also lays down punishments for different types of offences. For removal of human organs without authority, the maximum penalty is a 10-year jail term, and ₹20 lakh fine. For commercial dealing in human organs, the maximum punishment is a 10-year jail term, and ₹1 crore fine.
Despite such strict penalties, organ trade - especially kidneys - continues to thrive in India. Apart from plugging gaps in the implementation of the laws, experts believe that spreading awareness about organ donation from the deceased can help deal with the demand-supply issue to a great extent.

Another kidney racket uncovered: how gangs lure victims; why kidney trade is common; what transplant law says

One of the main&nbsp;reasons why kidney rackets are common is demand. India sees around 2 lakh cases of end-stage kidney failure every year, with patients needing either transplant or dialysis. Only 5,000 to 9,000 transplants reportedly take place.

An operation theatre would be a scary place for most people. But what if the person doing the surgery is not a doctor? And the patient has been lured or cheated into coming for the procedure? And the objective is to steal the patient's internal organs?
This nightmare plays out time and again in different parts of India. This time it is the national capital. More than ten people have been arrested by Delhi police in a kidney racket case.
The gang allegedly transplanted over 20 kidneys, and the procedures were done at a clinic in Gohana, in Haryana's Sonipat. The gang was allegedly led by Kuldeep Ray Vishwakarma, an operation theatre technician. Some of the accused worked at prominent hospitals in the national capital region.
ALSO WATCH |&nbsp;<a href="https://www.editorji.com/world-news/scary-needle-attacks-at-concerts-clubs-in-europe-300-cases-in-france-1-000-complaints-in-uk-1654184948414" target="_blank">Scary needle attacks at concerts, clubs in Europe: 300 cases in France, 1,000 complaints in UK</a>
The gang adopted a modus operandi similar to many kidney rackets in the past. They targeted people in dire need of money, and in the age group of 20 to 30 years. The gang used motivational videos and also a Facebook page to lure targets.
Two accused named Shailesh and Sarvjeet allegedly enticed and convinced victims. A person named Latif allegedly helped in conducting the victims' medical tests. Vikas, another accused, helped with accommodation and travel of the victims to Gohana, where illegal transplants were done at Dr Sonu Rohilla's clinic, as per police.
Many such rackets have been busted by police in various parts of India. In 2002, a dangerous operation was uncovered in Punjab's Amritsar. In 2008, a similar racket was unearthed in Haryana's Gurgaon. Surgeries were done at a private house. In 2018, needly recipients were allegedly lured with fake documents at a Kolkata hospital. In May 2022, an alleged kidney racket was busted at Pune's Ruby Hall clinic.
There are multiple reasons why kidney rackets are so common. The biggest reason is demand. India sees around 2 lakh cases of end-stage kidney failure every year, with patients needing either transplant or dialysis. But only 5,000 to 9,000 transplants reportedly take place.
Another reason is that kidneys survive outside the body for 24 to 36 hours, compared to just a few hours for liver and lungs. At ₹5-10 lakhs, the cost of a kidney transplant is also much lower than other organs. Additionally, most urologists are trained to do kidney transplants, and patients do not face undue risks.
Kidney transplant is governed in India by the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994. The law reportedly says that organs can be taken from recipient's living close relatives like children, siblings, spouse, grandparents, and grandchildren. Distant relatives, long-term friends, and parents-in-law can also donate, but money can't exchange hands. Swap transplants, and donations from brain-dead and cardiac-dead patients are also reportedly allowed. Living donations are checked by a hospital committee to prevent commercial transactions.
The law also lays down punishments for different types of offences. For removal of human organs without authority, the maximum penalty is a 10-year jail term, and ₹20 lakh fine. For commercial dealing in human organs, the maximum punishment is a 10-year jail term, and ₹1 crore fine.
Despite such strict penalties, organ trade - especially kidneys - continues to thrive in India. Apart from plugging gaps in the implementation of the laws, experts believe that spreading awareness about organ donation from the deceased can help deal with the demand-supply issue to a great extent.

In 2021, 72 people died while on an organ transplant waiting list in Switzerland. At the end of the year, 1,400 were waiting for an organ transplant in the country. 
Bearing the fact in mind that many deaths are sudden and the deceased person may not have expressed a wish to donate their organs, Switzerland, through a referendum, has decided for 'presumed consent'. This means that unless a person has expressed wish against being an organ donor post death, they will be treated as a potential donor. 
According to the rules, those wishing to not become organ donors must explicitly say so. Anyone who hasn't made their wish clear would be assumed to be in favour, however, relatives can refuse donation if they suspect or know the deceased would have chosen to not donate. 
The rule for donating organs will apply only to people aged 16 and above and it will be applicable only to people who die in a hospital intensive care, after death has been confirmed by two doctors. 
A legal change was approved by 60% voters. 
Switzerland is not the first country to implement the model. Many other European countries already practice it. 

'Presumed consent' for organ donation in Switzerland

'Presumed consent' for organ donation in Switzerland

In 2021, 72 people died while on an organ transplant waiting list in Switzerland. At the end of the year, 1,400 were waiting for an organ transplant in the country.&nbsp;
Bearing the fact in mind that many deaths are sudden and the deceased person may not have expressed a wish to donate their organs,&nbsp;Switzerland, through a referendum, has decided for 'presumed consent'. This means that unless a person has expressed wish against being an organ donor post death, they will be treated as a&nbsp;potential donor.&nbsp;
According to the rules, those wishing to not become organ donors must explicitly say so. Anyone who hasn't made their wish clear would be assumed to be in favour, however, relatives can refuse donation if they suspect or know the deceased would have chosen to not donate.&nbsp;
The rule for donating organs will apply only to people aged 16 and above and it will be applicable only to people who die in a hospital intensive care, and after their death has been confirmed by two doctors.&nbsp;
A legal change was approved by 60% of voters.&nbsp;
However, Switzerland is not the first country to implement the model. Many other European countries already practice it.
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A study published in the&nbsp;American Journal of Transplantation has claimed that there is evidence to show that Chinese state-run civil and military hospitals have executed prisoners by removing their hearts.
Researchers say that this practice violates two professional medical prohibitions. First is the dead donor rule that states that a donor must be dead before their organs are harvested. Second is the prohibition on doctors from participating in executions
The study claims that doctors turned into executioners not just for death row prisoners but also for &lsquo;prisoners of conscience&rsquo; &ndash; people imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion or political views
While the official Chinese records examined by the researchers say that the prisoners were supposedly brain dead prior to the surgeries, the study says this claim cannot be true.
The research was conducted by Australian PhD scholar Matthew Robertson and Dr Jacob Lavee, an Israeli cardiac transplant surgeon.
Dr Lavee wrote code that downloaded and analysed 124,770 medical papers from official Chinese databases between 1980 and 2015. Then, a review of 2,838 papers was conducted for evidence that may point to &lsquo;problematic declarations of brain death during organ procurement&rsquo;.
The study says that they found evidence in 71 of these reports that brain death could not have properly been declared and that the removal of the heart during organ procurement must have been the proximate cause of the donor&rsquo;s death. The study found fifty-six hospitals and more than 300 medical workers across China to be involved.
China has however claimed that they had stopped harvesting organs from prisoners in 2015.
&nbsp;

China executed prisoners by removing their hearts: American study

A study published in the American Journal of Transplantation has claimed that there is evidence to show that Chinese state-run civil and military hospitals have executed prisoners by removing their hearts.

edit on gfx
TEXT: &lsquo;Evidence shows that China executed prisoners by removing their hearts&rsquo;
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: A study published in the&nbsp;American Journal of Transplantation has claimed that there is evidence to show that Chinese state-run civil and military hospitals have executed prisoners by removing their hearts.
TEXT: &lsquo;Practice violates two rules. One, donor must be dead before organ harvesting and two, doctors can&rsquo;t participate in executions&rsquo;
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: Researchers say that this practice violates two professional medical prohibitions. First is the dead donor rule that states that a donor must be dead before their organs are harvested. Second is the prohibition on doctors from participating in executions
TEXT: &lsquo;Doctors executed not just death row prisoners but also people who were imprisoned because of their race, religion and views&rsquo;
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: The study claims that doctors turned into executioners not just for death row prisoners but also for &lsquo;prisoners of conscience&rsquo; &ndash; people imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion or political views
TEXT: &lsquo;Chinese official records state prisoners were brain dead before surgeries and this claim can&rsquo;t be true&rsquo;
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: While the official Chinese records examined by the researchers say that the prisoners were supposedly brain dead prior to the surgeries, the study says this claim cannot be true.
TEXT: The study was done by Australian PhD scholar Matthew Robertson and Dr Jacob Lavee, an Israeli cardiac transplant surgeon
VO: The research was conducted by Australian PhD scholar Matthew Robertson and Dr Jacob Lavee, an Israeli cardiac transplant surgeon.
TEXT: Dr Lavee wrote code that analysed 124,770 official Chinese medical papers from 1980 to 2015
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: Dr Lavee wrote code that downloaded and analysed 124,770 medical papers from official Chinese databases between 1980 and 2015.
TEXT: '2,838 papers were reviewed for proof of problematic declarations of brain death'
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: Then, a review of 2,838 papers was conducted for evidence that may point to &lsquo;problematic declarations of brain death during organ procurement&rsquo;.
TEXT: &lsquo;Found evidence in 71 reports that removal of heart must have been proximate cause of the donor&rsquo;s death&rsquo;
Source - American Journal of Transplantation
VO: The study says that they found evidence in 71 of these reports that brain death could not have properly been declared and that the removal of the heart during organ procurement must have been the proximate cause of the donor&rsquo;s death. The study found fifty-six hospitals and more than 300 medical workers across China to be involved.
TEXT: China claims it stopped harvesting organs from prisoners in 2015
VO: China has however claimed that they had stopped harvesting organs from prisoners in 2015.
&nbsp;

The research was conducted by Australian PhD scholar Matthew Robertson and Dr Jacob Lavee, an Israeli cardiac transplant surgeon.

A study published in the&nbsp;American Journal of Transplantation has claimed that there is evidence to show that Chinese state-run civil and military hospitals have executed prisoners by removing their hearts.
Researchers say that this practice violates two professional medical prohibitions. First is the dead donor rule that states that a donor must be dead before their organs are harvested. Second is the prohibition on doctors from participating in executions
The study claims that doctors turned into executioners not just for death row prisoners but also for &lsquo;prisoners of conscience&rsquo; &ndash; people imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion or political views
While the official Chinese records examined by the researchers say that the prisoners were supposedly brain dead prior to the surgeries, the study says this claim cannot be true.
The research was conducted by Australian PhD scholar Matthew Robertson and Dr Jacob Lavee, an Israeli cardiac transplant surgeon.
Dr Lavee wrote code that downloaded and analysed 124,770 medical papers from official Chinese databases between 1980 and 2015. Then, a review of 2,838 papers was conducted for evidence that may point to &lsquo;problematic declarations of brain death during organ procurement&rsquo;.
The study says that they found evidence in 71 of these reports that brain death could not have properly been declared and that the removal of the heart during organ procurement must have been the proximate cause of the donor&rsquo;s death. The study found fifty-six hospitals and more than 300 medical workers across China to be involved.
China has however claimed that they had stopped harvesting organs from prisoners in 2015.
&nbsp;

organ transplant

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